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Norman Holmes Pearson
Norman Holmes Pearson (April 13, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American academic, author, editor, critic, and archivist; a leader of the American counterintelligence service (the OSS) who contributed to the founding of the CIA; and a prominent figure in establishing American Studies as an academic discipline after the end of World War II.
==Career==
A native of New Haven, Pearson attended Yale College (1928–1932) and was graduated with a B.A. in English. After a scholarship at Oxford, he was awarded a second B.A. and later an M.A. from Oxford. In 1937, while still a Yale graduate student, he and William Rose Bénet published the two-volume ''Oxford Anthology of American Literature'' and later co-edited five volumes on ''Poets of the English Language'' with poet W.H. Auden. He became a Yale faculty member, Instructor of English, at an early age, and later Professor of English and of American Studies; in the former position he became arguably the greatest Nathaniel Hawthorne scholar of his time and maintained close relations with major literary figures, especially including poets H.D. (whose daughter became his secretary in the OSS) and Ezra Pound, promoting their careers and helping Pound avoid a charge of treason.〔Kopley, Emily, ( "Art for the Wrong Reason: Paintings by Poets," ) ''The New Journal.'' December 2004.〕 "Throughout his life he played the role of the man of letters, encouraging poets, writers, painters, and schoars..." 〔Winks p. 310〕 He was twice a Guggenheim Fellow, in 1948 and 1956.
Like Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Pearson was recruited by Donald Downes to work for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services (OSS), in London during World War II. By 1943 Pearson was working under James R. Murphy as part of the new X-2 CI (counterintelligence) branch that served as the link between the OSS and the British Ultra crypoanalysis project in nearby Bletchley Park. Working with British Special Intelligence (SI), X-2 is believed to have helped turn all of Germany's secret agents in Britain and exposed a network of 85 enemy agents in Mozambique; by 1944 there were sixteen X-2 field stations and nearly a hundred on staff. "In the words of Norman Holmes Pearson, who would lead the U.S. counterespionage effort in Western Europe, the British 'were the ecologists of double agency: everything was interrelated, everything must be kept in balance.'"〔Timothy Naftali, "Blind Spot", The New York Times, July 10, 2005."〕 In addition, the Art Looting Investigation Unit reported directly to him; the 2013 movie "Monuments Men" concerns that unit. "Some of his best work, done for the OSS in its final months, were analyses of the intelligence services of other nations..." (Winks 248).〔Winks, Robin W. (1996), ''Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961'', pp. 247–321. See p. 248 regarding Sir John Masterman's account of X-2's activities, ''The Double-Cross System''.〕 Following the war he was asked to help establish the successor to the OSS, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). To head counterintelligence for the new agency he helped recruit James Jesus Angleton, who had been a student of his in English at Yale (and a resident of Silliman College there) and then his "number two" in the OSS in London and head of X-2 Italy; Pearson was hailed as "the first to recognize just how good at counterintelligence the youthful James Angleton would be." In 1971 Pearson contributed the introduction to ''The Double-Cross System'', Sir John Masterson's "authorized biography" of the activities of British intelligence and British-American counterintelligence cooperation, during World War II.
Returning to Yale, he co-founded and headed Yale's new American Studies program, in which scholarship became an instrument for promoting American interests during the Cold War. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in what the program viewed as the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. It was also used as a recruiting vehicle for foreign students who, after their return to their home countries, might be useful to US foreign policy objectives.〔Michael Holzman, "The Ideological Origins of American Studies at Yale," ''American Studies'' 40:2 (Summer 1999): 71-99〕 Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William R. Coe made large contributions to the American Studies programs both at Yale and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the values of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism".〔Liza Nicholas, "Wyoming as America: Celebrations, a Museum, and Yale," ''American Quarterly'', Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep. 2002), pp. 437–465 (in JSTOR )〕 Pearson had realized "that the international standing of American Studies at Yale to no small degree depended on the attraction of the program for foreign students and on the continued ties between those scholars and the program ... Norman was Yale. There were many brilliant scholars and teachers, but he was the one who cared.".〔Quoted in Winks, p. 321; see footnote 87 for primary source.〕
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